Ethnic Composition

China’s majority ethnic group, the Han, accounts for approximately 92% of the country’s population. Additionally, there are 55 recognized ethnic minority groups.

Religions

The Chinese are generally atheists, but Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism remain relatively widespread, particularly among the elderly, and have recently gained popularity among the upper class. There are also Christian, Protestant, Jewish, and Islamic minorities.

Family Values

The Chinese vocabulary for naming family members is extremely rich, with over 300 different terms ranging from great-great-grandfather to great-great-grandson. Traditionally, Chinese families lived in large extended communities, with multiple generations often residing under the same roof. However, this practice has largely disappeared, except in some rural areas.

For Westerners, it is important to note that Chinese family names always come before given names, as family plays a fundamental role in Chinese society. The individual’s will often yields to that of the family, just as households are expected to conform to the will of the state. 

Chinese Mentality and Behavior

Chinese behavior and mindset are heavily influenced by Confucianism, which emphasizes “Ren” (benevolence) and “Li” (rituals and propriety). Confucius advocated for a hierarchical yet harmonious society, guided by core values such as filial piety, righteousness, and loyalty.

Filial piety, however, should not be understood as blind obedience to patriarchal authority. According to Confucius, it is a reciprocal duty—whether between ruler and subject, father and son, each individual must fulfill the role and responsibility assigned to them by society. In Confucian thought, harmony is prioritized over equality.

However, China’s contemporary history has profoundly impacted social customs. With rapid economic development and advancements in technology, Chinese society is modernizing and integrating new values. Yet, the country retains a deep-rooted understanding of what it means to be Chinese. Today, Chinese mentality is a fusion of modern aspirations and traditional heritage.

Source:
Chancel, Claude, Liu Le Grix, Libin. Le Grand Livre de la Chine. Eyrolles, 2013.